Climate Matching Map
| Attachment | Size |
|---|---|
| ClimateMatch_OR_Rhinanthus_minor.pdf (1.24 MB) | 1.24 MB |
1. Question 1
Yes
1
Very High
Rhinanthus minor, commonly known as yellow-rattle, is an annual root hemi-parasite that is relies on allogamy between hermaphroditic flowers for reproduction (Westbury, 2004; Magda et al. 2004; Van Hust et al., 1987). The species is native to the British Isles and is typically found in meadows, but can also be found in grasslands, mires, sand-dunes, and along roadways (Westbury, 2004). It is widespread throughout Europe and has been introduced to North America, where it has become naturalized (Westbury, 2004; Jelbert et al. 2015).
Westbury, Duncan B. 2004. “Rhinanthus Minor L”. Journal of Ecology 92: 906-27. doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x.
Jelbert, Kim, Iain Stott, Robbie A. McDonald, and Dave Hodgson. 2015. “Invasiveness of Plants Is Predicted by Size and Fecundity in the Native Range”. Ecology and Evolution 5: 1933-43. doi:10.1002/ece3.1432.
Van Hulst, Robert, Bill Shipley, and Andr\ ee Th\ eriault. 1987. “Why Is Rhinanthus Minor (Scrophulariaceae) Such a Good Invader?”. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 2373-79. doi:10.1139/b87-322.
Magda, Danièle, Michel Duru, and Jean-Pierre Theau. 2004. “Defining Management Rules for Grasslands Using Weed Demographic Characteristics”. Weed Science 52: 339-45. doi:10.1614/P2202-067.
2. Question 2
Yes
2
Very High
Yes, R. minor is found in other parts of the US with a climate similar to Oregon (temperate mountain and temperate desert, from zone 4 to 11) such as Colorado, Washington, Idaho, and the northeast states. It is also found in Canada, Europe, and Asia in areas with similar climate to Oregon (Van Hulst et al. 1987; ter Borg 1985 as cited in Westbury, 2004).
“Rhinanthus Minor L”. n.d. https://www.gbif.org/species/3172043.
Van Hulst, Robert, Bill Shipley, and Andr\ ee Th\ eriault. 1987. “Why Is Rhinanthus Minor (Scrophulariaceae) Such a Good Invader?”. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 2373-79. doi:10.1139/b87-322.
Westbury, Duncan B. 2004. “Rhinanthus Minor L”. Journal of Ecology 92: 906-27. doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x.
3. Question 3
Yes
2
Medium
Yes, Rhinanthus minor is noted as being invasive in Canada and the US due to it's high fecundity, ability to reduce hay production, and toxicity (Van Hulst et al. 1987; Jelbert et al. 2015; Smith & Cox, 2014). According to the Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, Rhinanthus minor is listed as an invasive species in New Hampshire.
Van Hulst, Robert, Bill Shipley, and Andr\ ee Th\ eriault. 1987. “Why Is Rhinanthus Minor (Scrophulariaceae) Such a Good Invader?”. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 2373-79. doi:10.1139/b87-322.
Jelbert, Kim, Iain Stott, Robbie A. McDonald, and Dave Hodgson. 2015. “Invasiveness of Plants Is Predicted by Size and Fecundity in the Native Range”. Ecology and Evolution 5: 1933-43. doi:10.1002/ece3.1432.
“Rhinanthus Minor”. 2019. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.116705.
Smith, Richard G., and Dorn A. Cox. 2014. “Effects of Soil Amendments on the Abundance of a Parasitic Weed, Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus Minor) in Hay Fields”. Weed Science 62: 118-24. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1498236698/abstract/C346AAA5C8A34CF5PQ/1.
Species, Center for Invasive, and Ecosystem Health. n.d. “Little Yellow Rattle, Rhinanthus Minor Ssp. Minor Scrophulariales: Scrophulariaceae”. https://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=38938.
4. Question 4
Yes
3
Medium
Yes, it is noted as being invasive in regions of Canada and the US with similar climate to Oregon (Van Hulst et al. 1987; Jelbert et al. 2015; Smith & Cox, 2014). More specifically, it is listed as invasive in New Hampshire, which does have areas of climates similar to Oregon. It is also widespread throughout Canada, but it also found in areas with similar climate to Oregon such as northwest and northeast Canada.
Smith, Richard G., and Dorn A. Cox. 2014. “Effects of Soil Amendments on the Abundance of a Parasitic Weed, Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus Minor) in Hay Fields”. Weed Science 62: 118-24. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1498236698/abstract/C346AAA5C8A34CF5PQ/1.
Jelbert, Kim, Iain Stott, Robbie A. McDonald, and Dave Hodgson. 2015. “Invasiveness of Plants Is Predicted by Size and Fecundity in the Native Range”. Ecology and Evolution 5: 1933-43. doi:10.1002/ece3.1432.
Van Hulst, Robert, Bill Shipley, and Andr\ ee Th\ eriault. 1987. “Why Is Rhinanthus Minor (Scrophulariaceae) Such a Good Invader?”. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 2373-79. doi:10.1139/b87-322.
“Rhinanthus Minor L”. n.d. https://www.gbif.org/species/3172043.
Species, Center for Invasive, and Ecosystem Health. n.d. “Little Yellow Rattle, Rhinanthus Minor Ssp. Minor Scrophulariales: Scrophulariaceae”. https://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=38938.
5. Question 5
No
0
Low
There are other Rhinanthus species including Rhinanthus alectorolophus and Rhinanthus major (syn. R. angustifolius, R. serotinus) (Randall, 2017) that are found in regions of Europe with similar climate to Oregon, but I could not find any evidence that the other species are considered invasive. Rhinanthus alectorolophus in particular has a greater restricted distribution mainly in Central Europe (Hartl, 1974 as cited in Matthies, 2021).
No references cited.
6. Question 6
No
0
Very High
Based on the climate matching tool and GBIF, R. minor is widespread and grows in a variety of climates. Less than half of the places where the R. minor grows match the climate in Oregon.
“Rhinanthus Minor L”. n.d. https://www.gbif.org/species/3172043.
Westbury, Duncan B. 2004. “Rhinanthus Minor L”. Journal of Ecology 92: 906-27. doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x.
7. Question 7
Yes
1
High
Rhinanthus minor is a root hemi-parasitic plant, therefore, it is reliant on host species for carbon and mineral nutrition (Cameron et al. 2009). Using a spatial theoretical model and the results from a controlled greenhouse study, Cameron et al. (2009) found that R. minor reduces the performance of grass species, and due to this there is a potential for shifts in the vegetation community structure. Grasses are an ideal host for R. minor, and Ameloot et al. (2006) found that in the Netherlands grass cover was negatively associated R. minor.
Ameloot, Els, Kris Verheyen, Jan P. Bakker, Yzaak De Vries, and Martin Hermy. 2006. “Long-Term Dynamics of the Hemiparasite Rhinanthus Angustifolius and Its Relationship With Vegetation Structure”. Journal of Vegetation Science 17: 637-46. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02487.x.
Cameron, Duncan D., Andy White, and Janis Antonovics. 2009. “Parasite\textendashgrass\textendashforb Interactions and Rock\textendashpaper\textendash Scissor Dynamics: Predicting the Effects of the Parasitic Plant Rhinanthus Minor on Host Plant Communities”. Journal of Ecology 97: 1311-19. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01568.x.
8. Question 8
No
0
Medium
There is a lack of evidence that Rhinanthus minor promotes fire or changes the fire regime. It grow primarily in open, dry to moist grasslands and is not shade tolerant (Westbury, 2004). Based on it's habitat, it can be inferred that there is a low probability that Rhinanthus minor promotes fire or changes fire regime.
Westbury, Duncan B. 2004. “Rhinanthus Minor L”. Journal of Ecology 92: 906-27. doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x.
9. Question 9
Yes
1
High
Yes, it is toxic to livestock and is typically not consumed by animals (Magda et al. 2004). Through its parasitism of grasses, it has been shown to impact grazing systems (Ameloot et al., 2006; Cameron et al. 2009). I could not find any information on whether it is toxic to humans, fish, or other wildlife.
Magda, Danièle, Michel Duru, and Jean-Pierre Theau. 2004. “Defining Management Rules for Grasslands Using Weed Demographic Characteristics”. Weed Science 52: 339-45. doi:10.1614/P2202-067.
Ameloot, Els, Kris Verheyen, Jan P. Bakker, Yzaak De Vries, and Martin Hermy. 2006. “Long-Term Dynamics of the Hemiparasite Rhinanthus Angustifolius and Its Relationship With Vegetation Structure”. Journal of Vegetation Science 17: 637-46. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2006.tb02487.x.
Cameron, Duncan D., Andy White, and Janis Antonovics. 2009. “Parasite\textendashgrass\textendashforb Interactions and Rock\textendashpaper\textendash Scissor Dynamics: Predicting the Effects of the Parasitic Plant Rhinanthus Minor on Host Plant Communities”. Journal of Ecology 97: 1311-19. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01568.x.
10. Question 10
No
0
Medium
Rhinanthus minor can grow up to 500mm (about 20 inches) (Westerbury, 2004), therefore, the chances of it inhibiting movement of animals, livestock, or humans are minimal. There is a lack of evidence to support this, which is why the confidence level is low.
Westbury, Duncan B. 2004. “Rhinanthus Minor L”. Journal of Ecology 92: 906-27. doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x.
11. Question 11
No
0
High
Rhinanthus minor reproduction only occurs through seed (Westbury, 2004). As a annual, its population is based on the seed production from the previous year (Magda et al. 2004; Coulson et al., 2001)
No references cited.
12. Question 12
No
0
High
The evidence suggests that Rhinanthus minor reproduction only occurs through seed.
No references cited.
13. Question 13
Yes
1
Very High
As an annual, Rhinanthus minor has a high level of fecundity, with each plant producing up to 240 seeds each. Every year the population renewal is based on the recruitment of new individuals and the seed production from the previous year (Magda et al. 2004; Coulson et al., 2001)
No references cited.
14. Question 14
No
0
Very High
According to Magda et al. (2004) each plant produces up to 240 seeds each year. The lifespan of dormant seeds in the soil is 2-3 years max. According to Westbury (2004), the seeds do not persist in the soil. Coulson et al. (2001) found that R. minor had a mean of 92.9 seeds per plant.
Magda, Danièle, Michel Duru, and Jean-Pierre Theau. 2004. “Defining Management Rules for Grasslands Using Weed Demographic Characteristics”. Weed Science 52: 339-45. doi:10.1614/P2202-067.
Westbury, Duncan B. 2004. “Rhinanthus Minor L”. Journal of Ecology 92: 906-27. doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x.
Coulson, Sarah J., James M. Bullock, Mark J. Stevenson, and Richard F. Pywell. 2001. “Colonization of Grassland by Sown Species: Dispersal versus Microsite Limitation in Responses to Management”. Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 204-16. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00585.x.
15. Question 15
Yes
1
High
Seed germination is found to be high (greater than 25%) in the next growing season. In comparing different germination rates in various temperature, it was found that 90% of fresh seeds germinated, 46% in moist storage germinated, and 69% in dry per-storage germinates (Westbury, 2001 as cited in Westbury, 2004).
Westbury, Duncan B. 2004. “Rhinanthus Minor L”. Journal of Ecology 92: 906-27. doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x.
16. Question 16
Yes
1
Very High
As an annual, Rhinanthus minor reproduction only occurs through seed and relies on seed production from the previous year (Westbury, 2004).
Westbury, Duncan B. 2004. “Rhinanthus Minor L”. Journal of Ecology 92: 906-27. doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x.
17. Question 17
Yes
1
Very High
It flowers from May to August and mature seeds begin to be dispersed in May (Magda et al., 2004). According to Westbury (2004), R. minor flowering can occur from early May through September and indicate that seeds can set in June in it's native range, the British Isles. Ether way, flowering occurs for greater than 3 months suggesting that seed production can also occur for more than 3 months of the year.
Magda, Danièle, Michel Duru, and Jean-Pierre Theau. 2004. “Defining Management Rules for Grasslands Using Weed Demographic Characteristics”. Weed Science 52: 339-45. doi:10.1614/P2202-067.
Westbury, Duncan B. 2004. “Rhinanthus Minor L”. Journal of Ecology 92: 906-27. doi:10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x.
18. Question 18
No
0
Medium
In a study analyzing the dispersal of R. minor propagules, Bullock et al. (2003) found that sheep did not eat any of the R. minor plants which showed a lack of seed dispersal from ingestion by sheep. Bullock et al. (2003) also discuss the potential for seeds getting trapped in the sheep's wool, but they consider this unlikely due to the large size and smooth, flat structure of the seeds. Additionally, Coulson et al. (2001) did not find seed dispersal ingestion by grazing animals and claims that R. minor seeds do not have specialized structures that would facilitate epizoochory (dispersal through animal fleece or hoofs).
No references cited.
19. Question 19
Yes
1
Low
Bullock et al. (2003) found the maximum dispersal distance of R. minor seeds by wind to be 1.3 meters for a plant with the maximum height of 0.3 meters. The flat seed structure does allow it to float so it can potentially be dispersed longer distances by floods (Ridley, 1930, as cited in Bullock et al., 2003), however, the evidence to support this claim is lacking, which is why the confidence level is low. In A Global Compendium of Weeds, Randall (2017) mentions that R. minor is dispersed by wind and water, but the distance of dispersal is not indicated.
No references cited.
20. Question 20
Yes
1
High
Based on field observations by Bullock et al. (2003) the flat seed structure of R. minor allows it to adhere to flat surfaces (i.e. farm equipment). In A Global Compendium of Weeds, Randall (2017) mentions that R. minor can be dispersed by humans.
No references cited.
Total PRE Score
16
20
78
