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PRE — Plant Risk Evaluator

Fallopia baldschuanica -- Washington

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Evaluation Summary

photo by Jan Samanek

Evaluation Date:  2022-09-12

Screener:  Lauren Kuehne
 
Plant:  Fallopia baldschuanica
Common Name(s):
Chinese fleecevine, Bukhara fleeceflower, mile-a-minute vine, silver-lace-vine

State:  Washington
PRE Score:  15
Questions Answered:  19
Screener Confidence (%):  72

Executive Summary

A general note on Fallopia baldschuanica is that taxonomic revisions over time have led to appearance and use of multiple synonyms, all of which may appear in primary literature that are cited in this assessment: Bilderdykia aubertii (L. Henry) Moldenke, Fallopia aubertii (L. Henry) Holub, Polygonum aubertii L. Henry [KZ99], Polygonum baldschuanicum Regel.


Most of the information on this species are not from species-specific studies, but rather where Fallopia baldschuanica was studied as part of a suite of species, often including or emphasizing the highly invasive relatives Reynoutria japonica and Fallopia x bohemica. Although F. baldschuanica is related to these species, an important distinction is that, as a climbing vine, F. baldschuanica requires structure – whether manmade or natural – to facilitate its occurrence. This is likely to help limit its establishment and spread. There is also limited evidence of spread and dispersal via fragmentation (natural or assisted by animals), or that seed production and germination feature reliably in propagation or spread.


The primary traits that are associated with invasiveness by F. baldschuanica are that it is a popular garden ornamental that seems to be widely cultivated and planted, and its extremely rapid growth rate; both of these features increase the likelihood of escape from cultivated landscapes. Another intriguing but potentially problematic feature of F. baldschuanica is that – while it does not tend to be widespread in its adventive ranges - it seems to be particularly successful at pollinating the widespread and highly invasive R. japonica. The potential for increased hybridization of R. japonica and/or F. x bohemica as a result of higher prevalence of F. baldschuanica is considered a problem, particularly given expectations of changing climatic conditions.

Climate Matching Map

Attachment Size
ClimateMatch_WA_Fallopia_baldschuanica.pdf (1.12 MB) 1.12 MB

1. Question 1

Yes
1
Very High
Fallopia baldschuanicum is reported as being naturalized in 41 countries or states (CABI 2019) outside of central Asia, where it is native to Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and China.
“Datasheet - Fallopia Baldschuanica (Russian Vine)”. 2022. Oxon OX10 8DE, UK: CAB International. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/116442.

2. Question 2

Yes
2
Very High
In the US, it is reported in the northern states with moist and/or cold climates comparable with Washington: Oregon, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts (USDA NRCS 2022). In Washington State, at least seven occurrences of naturalized plants have been previously detected based on herbarium records (Burke Museum 2022), and it is on the state Monitor List.
“NRCS Plants Database: Polygonum Baldschuanicum Regel”. 2022. US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=POBA3.
“Burke Museum Herbarium Database: Fallopia Baldschuanica”. 2022. Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195: Burke Museum of Natural History, University of Washington. https://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Fallopia\%20baldschuanica.

3. Question 3

Yes
2
Low
Reports on the invasiveness of Fallopia baldschuanica are mixed. Some state monitoring agencies in the US have reported that it is difficult to control and can become invasive when it becomes naturalized (King County 2022). Modeling work has suggested high potential for invasiveness in New England based on plant traits (i.e., growth rate, growth form, range, invasiveness elsewhere) (Martine et al. 2008). Some regional or global datasets list the species as invasive in a specific state (University of Georgia 2018) or country (Randall 2017), but the primary global invasive databases do not (CABI 2022, GISD 2017). Also, monitoring of naturalized populations showed no evidence of expansion over a three year period, a marked contrast to other Fallopia species (Tiebre et al. 2008). Other studies that have assessed distribution of multiple Fallopia species in Europe suggest that although Fallopia baldschuanica itself is not widespread, it seems to hybridize readily with more invasive Fallopia species (e.g., F. japonica) (Seiger 1993, Bailey et al. 2009), creating potential for hybrid adaptations that could increase invasiveness of the overall Fallopia complex, particularly as climate or environmental conditions change (Bailey et al. 2009, Tiebre et al. 2007).
“Silver Lace Vine Identification and Control”. 2022. 201 S. Jackson St., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98104: King County Noxious Weed Control Program. https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/silver-lace-vine.aspx.
Martine, Christopher T., Stacey Leicht-Young, Patrick Herron, and Andrew Latimer. 2008. “Fifteen Woody Species With Potential for Invasiveness in New England”. Rhodora 110: 345-53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23314158.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2008. “Landscape Dynamics and Habitat Selection by the Alien Invasive Fallopia (Polygonaceae) in Belgium”. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 2357-70. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9386-4.
Seiger, Leslie Anne. 1993. The Ecology and Control of Reynoutria Japonica (Polygonum Cuspidatum). Washington DC: The George Washington University.
Bailey, John P, Kateřina Bímová, and Bohumil Mandák. 2009. “Asexual Spread versus Sexual Reproduction and Evolution in Japanese Knotweeds.1. Sets the Stage for the ‘Battle of the Clones’”. Biological Invasions 11: 1189-1203. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9381-4.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2007. “Hybridization and Sexual Reproduction in the Invasive Alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) Complex in Belgium”. Annals of Botany 99: 193-203. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl242.
“Datasheet - Fallopia Baldschuanica (Russian Vine)”. 2022. Oxon OX10 8DE, UK: CAB International. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/116442.
Species, University of Georgia - Center for Invasive. 2018. “Polygonum Baldschuanicum Regel”. Edited by USDA Animal, Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA Forest Service, USDA Identification Technology Program, USDA National Institute of Food, and. https://www.invasive.org/browse/subinfo.cfm?sub=18463.
“GISD”. n.d. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=592$\#$.
Randall, R. P. 2017. “A Global Compendium of Weeds. Third Edition”. Dept. of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313645439_A_Global_Compendium_of_Weeds_Third_Edition.

4. Question 4

Yes
3
Medium
Although the extent to which Fallopia baldschuanica will become invasive where it becomes naturalized is not well documented to date, reports of adventive and naturalized populations are common in areas with similar climate, and particularly latitudinal range, as Washington State. These include New England (Martine et al. 2008), Oregon (Zika and Alverson 2005), New Zealand (Healy 1963), and areas of Europe (Bailey et al. 2009, Teibre et al. 2007, 2008).
Healy, Arthur John. 1963. “Identification of Polygonaceous Weeds in New Zealand”. In . Christchurch, New Zealand: New Zealand Plant Protection Society.
Bailey, John P, Kateřina Bímová, and Bohumil Mandák. 2009. “Asexual Spread versus Sexual Reproduction and Evolution in Japanese Knotweeds.1. Sets the Stage for the ‘Battle of the Clones’”. Biological Invasions 11: 1189-1203. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9381-4.
Martine, Christopher T., Stacey Leicht-Young, Patrick Herron, and Andrew Latimer. 2008. “Fifteen Woody Species With Potential for Invasiveness in New England”. Rhodora 110: 345-53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23314158.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2007. “Hybridization and Sexual Reproduction in the Invasive Alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) Complex in Belgium”. Annals of Botany 99: 193-203. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl242.
Zika, Peter F, and Edward R Alverson. 2005. “Oregon”. Madro\~no 52: 273\textendash274. doi:10.3120/0024-9637(2005)52[273:O]2.0.CO;2.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2008. “Landscape Dynamics and Habitat Selection by the Alien Invasive Fallopia (Polygonaceae) in Belgium”. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 2357-70. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9386-4.

5. Question 5

Yes
1
Very High
F. baldschuanica is a member of Polygonaceae, sometimes classed as part of the "Fallopia complex", which includes highly invasive knotweeds including Reynoutria japonica (synonyms Fallopia japonica and Polygonum cuspidatum) and its many known hybrids (e.g., Fallopia x bohemica). These knotweeds are globally widespread, problematic invaders, that readily hybridize with F. baldschuanica and other members of the same genus (Seiger 1993, Bailey 2009, Tierbre 2007). Four of these species of knotweed are present and prevalent in Washington State (R. japonica, F. x bohemica, F. sachalinensis and P. wallichii) (King County 2022).
Seiger, Leslie Anne. 1993. The Ecology and Control of Reynoutria Japonica (Polygonum Cuspidatum). Washington DC: The George Washington University.
Bailey, John P, Kateřina Bímová, and Bohumil Mandák. 2009. “Asexual Spread versus Sexual Reproduction and Evolution in Japanese Knotweeds.1. Sets the Stage for the ‘Battle of the Clones’”. Biological Invasions 11: 1189-1203. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9381-4.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2007. “Hybridization and Sexual Reproduction in the Invasive Alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) Complex in Belgium”. Annals of Botany 99: 193-203. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl242.
“Invasive Knotweed Identification and Control”. 2022. 201 S. Jackson St., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98104: King County Noxious Weed Control Program. https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/invasive-knotweeds.aspx.

6. Question 6

Yes
2
Medium
There is a substantial overlap of global adventive occurrence of F. baldschuanica based on matching climate as assessed in the PRE Combined Data Layer.
No references cited.

7. Question 7

Yes
1
Medium
There are few articles in the primary literature that have assessed displacement of native vegetation by Fallopia baldschuanica, the only one where growth and expansion were assessed indicated that Fallopia baldschuanica was not widespread on the landscape and did not increase substantially over a three-year period (Tierbre et al. 2007). However, it is fast-growing (i.e., can increase in size by 15 feet a year), and as a climbing vine it has been noted as being able to overtop and cover other vegetation (King County 2022, Hyun et al. 2020, Martine et al. 2008).
Hyun, JongYoung, ChangYoung Yoon, and Joo-Hwan Kim. 2020. “The Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Putative Invasive Alien Plants Which Are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea As Environmentally Harmful Species (II)”. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33: 200-219. doi:10.7732/kjpr.2020.33.3.200.
“Silver Lace Vine Identification and Control”. 2022. 201 S. Jackson St., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98104: King County Noxious Weed Control Program. https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/silver-lace-vine.aspx.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2008. “Landscape Dynamics and Habitat Selection by the Alien Invasive Fallopia (Polygonaceae) in Belgium”. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 2357-70. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9386-4.
Martine, Christopher T., Stacey Leicht-Young, Patrick Herron, and Andrew Latimer. 2008. “Fifteen Woody Species With Potential for Invasiveness in New England”. Rhodora 110: 345-53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23314158.

8. Question 8

No
0
High
There is no information or studies that have specifically assessed the impact of F. baldschuanica on fire regimes. However, knotweed species in general are not mentioned in studies of increased fire danger due to invasive species, suggesting that the risk is low.
No references cited.

9. Question 9

No
0
High
One management agency reports potentially toxic effects, noting that F. baldschuanica contains "oxalates that if eaten in large amounts may cause kidney disease or low calcium or magnesium levels in livestock, dogs or other animals" (King County 2022). However, most of the available peer-reviewed studies on F. baldshuanica (synonym F. aubertii) have instead emphasized potentially medicinal uses, and - although cytotoxic effects are present - do not mention acute toxicity to humans or animals (e.g., Wang et al. 2019, Olaru et al. 2015). As a climbing vine, F. baldschuanica is noted as overtaking areas such as roadside ditches, walls, and landscaping structures, making it unlikely to be widely distributed in grazing habitats (Hyun et al. 2020). However, given the possibility of cytotoxic effects, using livestock to control F. baldschuanica (or other knotweeds) may not be advisable (e.g., McDonald 2018).
“Silver Lace Vine Identification and Control”. 2022. 201 S. Jackson St., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98104: King County Noxious Weed Control Program. https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/silver-lace-vine.aspx.
Olaru, Octavian Tudorel, Luanne Venables, Maryna Van De Venter, George Mihai Nitulescu, Denisa Margina, Demetrios A Spandidos, and Aristidis M Tsatsakis. 2015. “Anticancer Potential of Selected Fallopia Adans Species”. Oncology Letters 10: 1323-32.
Wang, Jinfeng, Gaixia Ma, and Jinzhong Hu. 2019. “Phytochemical and Chemotaxonomic Study on Fallopia Aubertii (L. Henry) Holub”. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 85: 50\textendash53. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2019.05.011.
Hyun, JongYoung, ChangYoung Yoon, and Joo-Hwan Kim. 2020. “The Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Putative Invasive Alien Plants Which Are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea As Environmentally Harmful Species (II)”. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33: 200-219. doi:10.7732/kjpr.2020.33.3.200.
McDonald, Caroline. (2018) 2018. “The Surprising Toll of Invasive Species”. Risk Management 65: 4-7.

10. Question 10

No
0
Low
Fallopia baldschuanica is a climbing vine that requires some structure - whether natural (trees, hedges, other vegetation) or manmade (fences, walls, landscaping structures) (Hyun et al. 2020, King County 2022). It is fast growing and has the potential to overtop and displace other vegetation, which suggests that it can form thickets under some conditions, but evidence is currently lacking as to how often or likely this is to happen.
Hyun, JongYoung, ChangYoung Yoon, and Joo-Hwan Kim. 2020. “The Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Putative Invasive Alien Plants Which Are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea As Environmentally Harmful Species (II)”. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33: 200-219. doi:10.7732/kjpr.2020.33.3.200.
“Silver Lace Vine Identification and Control”. 2022. 201 S. Jackson St., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98104: King County Noxious Weed Control Program. https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/silver-lace-vine.aspx.

11. Question 11

Yes
1
Very High
Like other knotweed species, Fallopia baldschuanica is able to reproduce vegetatively from rhizome and/or stem fragments (Hyun et al. 2020, King County 2022, Tierbre et al. 2007).
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2007. “Hybridization and Sexual Reproduction in the Invasive Alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) Complex in Belgium”. Annals of Botany 99: 193-203. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl242.
Hyun, JongYoung, ChangYoung Yoon, and Joo-Hwan Kim. 2020. “The Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Putative Invasive Alien Plants Which Are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea As Environmentally Harmful Species (II)”. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33: 200-219. doi:10.7732/kjpr.2020.33.3.200.
“Silver Lace Vine Identification and Control”. 2022. 201 S. Jackson St., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98104: King County Noxious Weed Control Program. https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/silver-lace-vine.aspx.

12. Question 12

No
0
Medium
Although there are not many studies that have evaluated natural occurrence or expansion of Fallopia baldschuanica in it's non-native range, they do consistently report that it is rare, and that occurrence seems to be associated with escape or cultivation from ornamental gardens or landscaping (Teirbre et al. 2007, Lamberti-Raverot et al. 2017, Bailey et al. 2009). This rarity and lack of rapid dispersal suggests that fragmentation is not a common form of reproduction or spread.
Bailey, John P, Kateřina Bímová, and Bohumil Mandák. 2009. “Asexual Spread versus Sexual Reproduction and Evolution in Japanese Knotweeds.1. Sets the Stage for the ‘Battle of the Clones’”. Biological Invasions 11: 1189-1203. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9381-4.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2008. “Landscape Dynamics and Habitat Selection by the Alien Invasive Fallopia (Polygonaceae) in Belgium”. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 2357-70. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9386-4.
Lamberti-Raverot, Barbara, Florence Piola, Mélanie Thiébaut, Ludovic Guillard, Félix Vallier, and Sara Puijalon. 2017. “Water Dispersal of the Invasive Complex Fallopia: The Role of Achene Morphology”. Flora 234: 150-57. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2017.07.009.

13. Question 13

Yes
1
Very High
Viable flower, pollen, and seed production (ie, fruit set) are indicated by both primary literature studies (Hyun et al. 2020, Teibre et al. 2007, Bailey et al. 2009) as well as gardening websites.
Bailey, John P, Kateřina Bímová, and Bohumil Mandák. 2009. “Asexual Spread versus Sexual Reproduction and Evolution in Japanese Knotweeds.1. Sets the Stage for the ‘Battle of the Clones’”. Biological Invasions 11: 1189-1203. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9381-4.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2007. “Hybridization and Sexual Reproduction in the Invasive Alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) Complex in Belgium”. Annals of Botany 99: 193-203. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl242.
Hyun, JongYoung, ChangYoung Yoon, and Joo-Hwan Kim. 2020. “The Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Putative Invasive Alien Plants Which Are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea As Environmentally Harmful Species (II)”. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33: 200-219. doi:10.7732/kjpr.2020.33.3.200.
“Silver Lace Vine Identification and Control”. 2022. 201 S. Jackson St., Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98104: King County Noxious Weed Control Program. https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/silver-lace-vine.aspx.

14. Question 14

0
Very Low
There are no estimates of seed density in the literature for Fallopia baldschuanica. The nearest estimate is for the related invasive knotweed Reynoutria japonica, which is estimated to produce 1974+1133 seeds/m2 (Engler et al. 2011). Seeds of F. baldschuanica are larger than R. japonica (2-4 mm vs. 2.5 mm) (Hyun et al. 2020), and descriptions of the plant on gardening websites or weed control and management sites do not suggest production of particularly abundant or copious viable seeds, however.
Bailey, John P, Kateřina Bímová, and Bohumil Mandák. 2009. “Asexual Spread versus Sexual Reproduction and Evolution in Japanese Knotweeds.1. Sets the Stage for the ‘Battle of the Clones’”. Biological Invasions 11: 1189-1203. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9381-4.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2007. “Hybridization and Sexual Reproduction in the Invasive Alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) Complex in Belgium”. Annals of Botany 99: 193-203. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl242.
Hyun, JongYoung, ChangYoung Yoon, and Joo-Hwan Kim. 2020. “The Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Putative Invasive Alien Plants Which Are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea As Environmentally Harmful Species (II)”. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33: 200-219. doi:10.7732/kjpr.2020.33.3.200.
Engler, Jan, Kai Abt, and Constanze Buhk. 2011. “Seed Characteristics and Germination Limitations in the Highly Invasive Fallopia Japonica Sl (Polygonaceae)”. Ecological Research 26: 555-62. doi:10.1007/s11284-011-0813-8.

15. Question 15

No
0
High
Based on recommendations from gardening websites, germination from seed is possible, but is not the most common or successful method of spread or propagation, as is the case with other knotweed species. This is supported by a peer-reviewed study that found that Fallopia baldschuanica produced seeds but with 0% successful germination (in compost) the following year (Tiebre et al. 2007).
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2007. “Hybridization and Sexual Reproduction in the Invasive Alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) Complex in Belgium”. Annals of Botany 99: 193-203. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl242.

16. Question 16

Yes
1
Very Low
There are no studies that specifically assess the amount of time needed to produce seeds, for Fallopia baldschuanica or for related species. It is a fast-growing plant, however, and viable flower, pollen, and seed production (ie, fruit set) are indicated as being common (Hyun et al. 2020, Teibre et al. 2007, Bailey et al. 2009).
Bailey, John P, Kateřina Bímová, and Bohumil Mandák. 2009. “Asexual Spread versus Sexual Reproduction and Evolution in Japanese Knotweeds.1. Sets the Stage for the ‘Battle of the Clones’”. Biological Invasions 11: 1189-1203. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9381-4.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2007. “Hybridization and Sexual Reproduction in the Invasive Alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) Complex in Belgium”. Annals of Botany 99: 193-203. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl242.
Hyun, JongYoung, ChangYoung Yoon, and Joo-Hwan Kim. 2020. “The Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Putative Invasive Alien Plants Which Are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea As Environmentally Harmful Species (II)”. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33: 200-219. doi:10.7732/kjpr.2020.33.3.200.

17. Question 17

No
0
High
The fruiting period is noted as lasting 3 months, between August and October (Hyun et al. 2020).
Hyun, JongYoung, ChangYoung Yoon, and Joo-Hwan Kim. 2020. “The Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Putative Invasive Alien Plants Which Are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea As Environmentally Harmful Species (II)”. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33: 200-219. doi:10.7732/kjpr.2020.33.3.200.

18. Question 18

No
0
High
There are no noted occurrences in the literature of distribution or movement of propagules by animals, and most occurrences seem to be associated with escape from cultivated landscapes (Bailey et al. 2009; Tiebre et al. 2007, 2008; Engler et al. 2011; Lamberti-Raverot et al. 2017, Hyun et al. 2020). There is no indication that the plant or fruits are highly edible or sought after by wild or domestic animals, reducing risk of fragmentation and movement as part of foraging.
Bailey, John P, Kateřina Bímová, and Bohumil Mandák. 2009. “Asexual Spread versus Sexual Reproduction and Evolution in Japanese Knotweeds.1. Sets the Stage for the ‘Battle of the Clones’”. Biological Invasions 11: 1189-1203. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9381-4.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2007. “Hybridization and Sexual Reproduction in the Invasive Alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) Complex in Belgium”. Annals of Botany 99: 193-203. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl242.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2008. “Landscape Dynamics and Habitat Selection by the Alien Invasive Fallopia (Polygonaceae) in Belgium”. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 2357-70. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9386-4.
Engler, Jan, Kai Abt, and Constanze Buhk. 2011. “Seed Characteristics and Germination Limitations in the Highly Invasive Fallopia Japonica Sl (Polygonaceae)”. Ecological Research 26: 555-62. doi:10.1007/s11284-011-0813-8.
Lamberti-Raverot, Barbara, Florence Piola, Mélanie Thiébaut, Ludovic Guillard, Félix Vallier, and Sara Puijalon. 2017. “Water Dispersal of the Invasive Complex Fallopia: The Role of Achene Morphology”. Flora 234: 150-57. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2017.07.009.
Hyun, JongYoung, ChangYoung Yoon, and Joo-Hwan Kim. 2020. “The Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Putative Invasive Alien Plants Which Are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea As Environmentally Harmful Species (II)”. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33: 200-219. doi:10.7732/kjpr.2020.33.3.200.

19. Question 19

No
0
High
There are no noted occurrences in the literature of distribution or movement of propagules by wind or water (ie., along riparian corridors), and most occurrences seem to be associated with escape from cultivated landscapes (Bailey et al. 2009; Tiebre et al. 2007, 2008; Engler et al. 2011; Lamberti-Raverot et al. 2017, Hyun et al. 2020). Fragmentation and seed production/germination are not indicated as primary sources of spread, reducing the likelihood of dispersal by wind or water.
Bailey, John P, Kateřina Bímová, and Bohumil Mandák. 2009. “Asexual Spread versus Sexual Reproduction and Evolution in Japanese Knotweeds.1. Sets the Stage for the ‘Battle of the Clones’”. Biological Invasions 11: 1189-1203. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9381-4.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2007. “Hybridization and Sexual Reproduction in the Invasive Alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) Complex in Belgium”. Annals of Botany 99: 193-203. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl242.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2008. “Landscape Dynamics and Habitat Selection by the Alien Invasive Fallopia (Polygonaceae) in Belgium”. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 2357-70. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9386-4.
Engler, Jan, Kai Abt, and Constanze Buhk. 2011. “Seed Characteristics and Germination Limitations in the Highly Invasive Fallopia Japonica Sl (Polygonaceae)”. Ecological Research 26: 555-62. doi:10.1007/s11284-011-0813-8.
Hyun, JongYoung, ChangYoung Yoon, and Joo-Hwan Kim. 2020. “The Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Putative Invasive Alien Plants Which Are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea As Environmentally Harmful Species (II)”. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33: 200-219. doi:10.7732/kjpr.2020.33.3.200.
Lamberti-Raverot, Barbara, Florence Piola, Mélanie Thiébaut, Ludovic Guillard, Félix Vallier, and Sara Puijalon. 2017. “Water Dispersal of the Invasive Complex Fallopia: The Role of Achene Morphology”. Flora 234: 150-57. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2017.07.009.

20. Question 20

No
0
Very High
There are no noted occurrences in the literature of distribution or movement of propagules by human vectors other than that associated with escape from cultivated or landscaped areas (Bailey et al. 2009; Tiebre et al. 2007, 2008; Engler et al. 2011; Lamberti-Raverot et al. 2017, Hyun et al. 2020). Fragmentation and seed production/germination are not indicated as primary sources of spread, reducing the likelihood of dispersal by accidental attachment to equipment or vehicles.
Bailey, John P, Kateřina Bímová, and Bohumil Mandák. 2009. “Asexual Spread versus Sexual Reproduction and Evolution in Japanese Knotweeds.1. Sets the Stage for the ‘Battle of the Clones’”. Biological Invasions 11: 1189-1203. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9381-4.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Sonia Vanderhoeven, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2007. “Hybridization and Sexual Reproduction in the Invasive Alien Fallopia (Polygonaceae) Complex in Belgium”. Annals of Botany 99: 193-203. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl242.
Tiebre, Marie-Solange, Layla Saad, and Grégory Mahy. 2008. “Landscape Dynamics and Habitat Selection by the Alien Invasive Fallopia (Polygonaceae) in Belgium”. Biodiversity and Conservation 17: 2357-70. doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9386-4.
Engler, Jan, Kai Abt, and Constanze Buhk. 2011. “Seed Characteristics and Germination Limitations in the Highly Invasive Fallopia Japonica Sl (Polygonaceae)”. Ecological Research 26: 555-62. doi:10.1007/s11284-011-0813-8.
Hyun, JongYoung, ChangYoung Yoon, and Joo-Hwan Kim. 2020. “The Report on the Taxonomic Characters, Ecological Risk and Weed Risk Assessment of Putative Invasive Alien Plants Which Are Designated in Law by the Ministry of Environment in Korea As Environmentally Harmful Species (II)”. Korean Journal of Plant Resources 33: 200-219. doi:10.7732/kjpr.2020.33.3.200.
Lamberti-Raverot, Barbara, Florence Piola, Mélanie Thiébaut, Ludovic Guillard, Félix Vallier, and Sara Puijalon. 2017. “Water Dispersal of the Invasive Complex Fallopia: The Role of Achene Morphology”. Flora 234: 150-57. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2017.07.009.

Total PRE Score

15
19
72

PRE Score Legend

The PRE Score is calculated by adding the point totals for each (answered) question.

< 13 : Low Potential Risk
13 - 15 : Moderate Potential Risk
> 15 : High Potential Risk

Questions Answered Legend

It is important to answer at least 16 questions to consider a PRE Score as "valid".

≥ 16 : Valid (80% or more questions answered)
≤ 15 : Invalid (not enough questions answered)

Evaluation Credits and Citation

Screener:  Lauren Kuehne

 

Below is a recommend citation when referencing this evaluation in other works:

Kuehne, Lauren. "Fallopia baldschuanica -- Washington" Plant Risk Evaluator (PRE) published 2022-09-12 https://pretool.org/evaluations/1791

 

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Evaluation Reviewers

Jutta Burger reviewed on 2022-10-14
Lynn Sweet reviewed on 2022-10-13
Alex Simmons reviewed on 2022-09-27
reviewed on 2022-09-21

 

Associated Project

2022 Western IPM Grant Project

"Expanding Continuity and Capacity in Invasive Plant Risk Assessments across Western States" is a continuation of the successful 2021 project titled "Building Continuity Across State Invasvie Plant Lists: Evaluating Invasive Risk of Horticultural Plants." Both 2021 and 2022's projects are funded by the Western Integrated Pest Management Center. Project partners for this year inclue the California Invasive Plant Council, PlantRight, The University of Arizona, Western Invasive Species Network, Pacific Northwest Invasive Species Council, the Yurok Tribe, and Nevada State Parks. 

 

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