Climate Matching Map
| Attachment | Size |
|---|---|
| ClimateMatch_WA_Ulmus_pumila.pdf (1.18 MB) | 1.18 MB |
1. Question 1
Yes
1
High
Native to northern China, Korea, Mongolia, and Eastern Siberia, Ulmus pumila is naturalized across in nearly every state in the U.S., and in nearly every province across the southern tier of Canada.
“Ulmus Pumila L”. n.d. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ulpu.
2. Question 2
Yes
2
High
PlantRight Climate Matching results indicate that U. pumila is naturalized in a similar climate in much of the western U.S., in scattered locations in the Appalachian Mountains, in central and eastern Europe, and in Russia near the northern end of the Caspian Sea. More than 30 naturalized occurrences of U. pumila have been documented in Washington and Oregon, from individual trees to small populations, on both sides of the Cascade Mountains.
“WTU Herbarium Database”. 2021. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. https://www.burkemuseum.org/collections-and-research/biology/plants-and-fungi/collections-database/.
“PlantRight”. n.d. http://websites.greeninfo.org/plantright/finder/$\#$.
3. Question 3
Yes
2
Very High
U. pumila is widely reported as invasive in North America, including in Indiana (Jacquart et al. 2007), Iowa (Farrar 2001), and western states (Perry et al. 2018, Reynolds et al. 2022). The species is listed as a Class C noxious weed in New Mexico (Beck and Wanstall 2020).
Jacquart, E, P O’Connor, K Collins, D Gorden, J Kiefer, and K Howe. 2007. “Assessment of Invasive Species in Indiana\textquoterights Natural Areas: Siberian Elm (Ulmus Pumila)”. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, 9 pp. https://www.in.gov/dnr/files/Official_Siberian_Elm_Assessment.pdf.
Reynolds, L, L Perry, P Shafroth, G Katz, and A Norton. 2022. “Invasion of Siberian Elm (Ulmus Pumila) Along the South Platte River: The Roles of Seed Source, Human Influence, and River Geomorphology”. Wetlands 42: Article 10.
Farrar, D. 2001. “Exotic and Invasive Woody Plant Species in Iowa”. Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 108: 154-57. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1130\&context=jias.
Perry, L, L Reynolds, and P Shafroth. 2018. “Divergent Effects of Land-Use, Propagule Pressure, and Climate on Woody Riparian Invasion”. Biological Invasions 20: 3271-95.
Beck, L, and J Wanstall. (2020) 2020. “Noxious and Troublesome Weeds of New Mexico” 2022. Las Cruces, NM: College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. New Mexico State University. https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_circulars/CR698/$\#$.
4. Question 4
Yes
3
Very High
U. pumila is invasive in Colorado, especially in riparian areas (Perry et al. 2018, Reynolds et al. 2022), and in northern New Mexico, a state where where it is a Class C Noxious Weed (Beck and Wanstall).
Reynolds, L, L Perry, P Shafroth, G Katz, and A Norton. 2022. “Invasion of Siberian Elm (Ulmus Pumila) Along the South Platte River: The Roles of Seed Source, Human Influence, and River Geomorphology”. Wetlands 42: Article 10.
Perry, L, L Reynolds, and P Shafroth. 2018. “Divergent Effects of Land-Use, Propagule Pressure, and Climate on Woody Riparian Invasion”. Biological Invasions 20: 3271-95.
Beck, L, and J Wanstall. (2020) 2020. “Noxious and Troublesome Weeds of New Mexico” 2022. Las Cruces, NM: College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. New Mexico State University. https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_circulars/CR698/$\#$.
5. Question 5
No
0
Medium
Chinese elm (U. parvifolia) is considered an invasive species by some accounts but, in both its native and introduced ranges, is distributed almost exclusively in climates dissimilar to the Pacific Northwest.
“Chinese Elm, Ulmus Parvifolia Jacq”. 2018. Athens, GA: University of Georgia, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=6567.
“Climate Matching Map for Ulmus Parvifolia”. 2022. https://weedmap.cal-ipc.org/climatematch/?areaType=states\&areaList=53\&mapView=2\%2C-176.13281\%2C8.75479\&datalayer=PRE+Combined\&datalayeropacity=60\&gbif_taxonkey=5361869\&gbif_search=Ulmus+parvifolia.
6. Question 6
No
0
High
PlantRight Climate Matching results show most of Ulmus pumila’s worldwide distribution is mostly outside of climates similar to the Pacific Northwest. In the Western Hemisphere U. pumila is distributed primarily through the Midwest and southern tier of the U.S., while in the Eastern Hemisphere its distribution is primarily in the southern Iberian Peninsula, and in Eastern Europe and western Russia.
“PlantRight”. n.d. http://websites.greeninfo.org/plantright/finder/$\#$.
7. Question 7
Yes
1
Very High
U. pumila is a significant invader of riparian areas in the western and midwestern U.S., where it competes with native cottonwood and willow species and preempts sites important to those species’ establishment (Perry et al. 2018, Reynolds et al. 2022, Farrar 2001). The species also invades upland sites such as old fields, disturbed natural areas (Jacquart et al. 2007).
Jacquart, E, P O’Connor, K Collins, D Gorden, J Kiefer, and K Howe. 2007. “Assessment of Invasive Species in Indiana\textquoterights Natural Areas: Siberian Elm (Ulmus Pumila)”. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, 9 pp. https://www.in.gov/dnr/files/Official_Siberian_Elm_Assessment.pdf.
Reynolds, L, L Perry, P Shafroth, G Katz, and A Norton. 2022. “Invasion of Siberian Elm (Ulmus Pumila) Along the South Platte River: The Roles of Seed Source, Human Influence, and River Geomorphology”. Wetlands 42: Article 10.
Perry, L, L Reynolds, and P Shafroth. 2018. “Divergent Effects of Land-Use, Propagule Pressure, and Climate on Woody Riparian Invasion”. Biological Invasions 20: 3271-95.
Farrar, Donald R. 2001. “Exotic and Invasive Woody Plant Species in Iowa”. The Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 108: 154\textendash157. http://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias/vol108/iss4/.
8. Question 8
No
0
Low
None of the available literature suggested any influence of U. pumila on fire regimes.
No references cited.
9. Question 9
Yes
1
Medium
The Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States (2018) states that U. pumila “forms dense thickets that close open areas ……. thereby reducing forage for wild animals and livestock."
States, Invasive Plant Atlas of the United. (2018) 2018. “Siberian Elm, Ulmus Pumila L”. 2022. Athens, GA: Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia. https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3479.
10. Question 10
Yes
1
Medium
The Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States (2018) states that U. pumila “forms dense thickets that close open areas ……. thereby reducing forage for wild animals and livestock."
States, Invasive Plant Atlas of the United. (2018) 2018. “Siberian Elm, Ulmus Pumila L”. 2022. Athens, GA: Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia. https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3479.
11. Question 11
No
0
Very High
U. pumila will resprout from the roots following damage to or cutting of the main stem, but this is not a significant mechanism of spread (Wesche et al. 2011).
Wesche, K, D Walther, H von Wehrden, and I Hensen. 2011. “Trees in the Desert: Reproduction and Genetic Structure of Fragmented Ulmus Pumila Forests in Mongolian Drylands”. Flora 206: 91-99.
12. Question 12
No
0
High
Multiple sources cite reproduction by seed as U. pumila’s mechanism of reproduction, None of these sources mention fragmentation as a significant mechanism.
Barbour, J, and K Brinkman. 2005. “Ulmus L”. In , Agriculture Handbook 727:1143-49. Washington, DC: USDA U.S. Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_series/wo/wo_ah727.pdf.
Wesche, K, D Walther, H von Wehrden, and I Hensen. 2011. “Trees in the Desert: Reproduction and Genetic Structure of Fragmented Ulmus Pumila Forests in Mongolian Drylands”. Flora 206: 91-99.
Blass, C, K Ronnenberg, O Tackenberg, I Hensen, and K Wesche. 2010. “The Relative Importance of Different Seed Dispersal Modes in Dry Mongolian Rangelands”. Journal of Arid Environments 74: 991\textendash997.
13. Question 13
Yes
1
Very High
Laboratory studies report 74-89% germination in seeds of U. pumila report germination in laboratory/ greenhouse studies as 81%.
No references cited.
14. Question 14
Yes
1
Medium
Jacquart et al. (2007) state that “[e]ven small trees can have >1,000 seeds.” This seems reasonable for mature trees, but the references provided by the authors either don’t support this assertion quantitatively or could not be found. Thus confidence for this answer can only be Medium.
Jacquart, E, P O’Connor, K Collins, D Gorden, J Kiefer, and K Howe. 2007. “Assessment of Invasive Species in Indiana\textquoterights Natural Areas: Siberian Elm (Ulmus Pumila)”. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, 9 pp. https://www.in.gov/dnr/files/Official_Siberian_Elm_Assessment.pdf.
15. Question 15
Yes
1
Very High
Wesche et al. (2011) reported germination rates of 48-74% (depending on substrate type) for U. pumila in field tests within the species native range in Mongolia. Given the high germination rates reported from laboratory studies (74-89 %; Hirsch et al. 2012, Song et al. 2011) it seems reasonable to infer that > 25% of seeds would germinate in the wild given appropriate substrate, temperature, and moisture habitats within the species’ naturalized range.
No references cited.
16. Question 16
No
0
High
Barbour and Brinkman (2008) report the minimum seed-bearing age of U. pumila as eight years.
Barbour, J, and K Brinkman. 2005. “Ulmus L”. In , Agriculture Handbook 727:1143-49. Washington, DC: USDA U.S. Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_series/wo/wo_ah727.pdf.
17. Question 17
No
0
High
Barbour and Brinkman (2008) report the flowering period of U. pumila as March-April, and the fruiting period as only two months, April-May. The Jepson eflora reports the flowering period for the species in California as March-April, supporting this data (Whittemore 2012).
Barbour, J, and K Brinkman. 2005. “Ulmus L”. In , Agriculture Handbook 727:1143-49. Washington, DC: USDA U.S. Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_series/wo/wo_ah727.pdf.
Whittemore, A. 2012. “Ulmus Pumila” 2022. Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora. https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=47484.
18. Question 18
No
0
High
U. pumila’s winged seeds are adapted for wind dispersal and may also be water-dispersed. Blass et al. (2010) found no evidence of animal dispersal in field tests in Mongolia.
Blass, C, K Ronnenberg, O Tackenberg, I Hensen, and K Wesche. 2010. “The Relative Importance of Different Seed Dispersal Modes in Dry Mongolian Rangelands”. Journal of Arid Environments 74: 991\textendash997.
19. Question 19
Yes
1
Very High
Field studies by Blass et al. (2010) found windborne dispersal of U. pumila seeds exceeded 100 m. The authors also found that 99% of U. pumila seeds remained afloat in water for 24 hours, suggesting a capacity for long-distance water-borne dispersal.
Blass, C, K Ronnenberg, O Tackenberg, I Hensen, and K Wesche. 2010. “The Relative Importance of Different Seed Dispersal Modes in Dry Mongolian Rangelands”. Journal of Arid Environments 74: 991\textendash997.
20. Question 20
Yes
1
Medium
The U.S. Forest Service’s ‘Field Guide for Managing Siberian Elm in the Southwest’ (2014) states that "[s]eed may be carried long distances by adhering to surfaces and undercarriages of logging equipment and vehicles." Vehicular transport of seeds is a widely recognized phenomenon; U. pumila’s wind-dispersed seeds could be expected to be distributed to any number of locations where the tiny seeds in their papery samaras may adhere to muddy tire treads, frames or fenders.
“Field Guide for Managing Siberian Elm in the Southwest”. 2014. USDA Forest Service, Southwest Region. https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5410128.pdf.
van Wychen, L. 2011. “Unlikely Stowaways: Weed Seeds Travel to Faraway Places on Cars, Trucks and ATVs”. Weed Science Society of America. https://ucanr.edu/blogs/UCDWeedScience/blogfiles/8999.pdf.
Barbour, J, and K Brinkman. 2005. “Ulmus L”. In , Agriculture Handbook 727:1143-49. Washington, DC: USDA U.S. Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_series/wo/wo_ah727.pdf.
“Ulmus Pumila - Plant Finder”. n.d. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287397\&isprofile=1\&basic=ulmus\%20pumila.
Total PRE Score
16
20
80
